this generally-accepted definition can be reduced to the following, very simple statement: concrete labor is the expenditure of human energy in a determined form (clothesmaking, weaving, etc.). abstract labor is the expenditure of human energy as such, independently of the given forms. defined in this way, the concept of abstract labor is a physiological concept, devoid of all social and historical elements. the concept of abstract labor exists in all historical epochs independently of this or that social form of production. ()
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—— 引自章节：chapter fourteen. abstract lab
another attempt to introduce a social aspect into the concept of abstract labor is found in the work of a. nezhdanov (cherevanin). according to nezhdanov, the concept of abstract labor does not express a physiological equality of labor expenditures, but a social process of equalization of different forms of labor in production. this is "an important and indispensable social process which is carried out by every conscious social-economic organization.... this social process which characterizes the reduction of different forms of labor to abstract labor is carried out unconsciously in the commodity society."taking abstract labor as an expression of the process of equalization of labor in every economy, a. nezhdanov neglects the particular form which the equalization of labor acquires in a co... ()
本书是苏联马克思主义经济学家i. i. rubin的代表作，是后来所谓rubin学派的开山之作。rubin对马克思经济理论的诠释有别于美国自sweezy以来的“传统马克思主义”学派，而与日本uno学派有更多共通之处，都强调价值形式，因而也被一些评论家共同归入value-form学派。 本书分两部...
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0 美国
对资本论和剩余价值理论中不同的抽象层次进行了澄清，清晰度远超同期的主流经济学家和马克思主义者。虽然没有能预期到斯拉法之后的转形问题，但对于价值-物化的历史性的掌握以及对后资本主义的过渡的敏感性超过了如今很多拘泥于资本主义解释学的经济学者
0 美国
对资本论和剩余价值理论中不同的抽象层次进行了澄清，清晰度远超同期的主流经济学家和马克思主义者。虽然没有能预期到斯拉法之后的转形问题，但对于价值-物化的历史性的掌握以及对后资本主义的过渡的敏感性超过了如今很多拘泥于资本主义解释学的经济学者